INTRODUCTION:

Because of their natural origin, cost effectiveness, and lack of side effects, there has recently been a surge in interest in enabling the biological activities of various medicinal herbs^1,2. Peristrophe paniculata is a traditional medicinal plant with a variety of medicinal applications³. It is a valuable medicinal and pharmacologically active herb⁴.

Peristrophe paniculata (Forssk) Brummitt has been renamed Dicliptera paniculata (Forssk.) I.Darbysh⁵. It is one of the sources of the drug Parpataka⁶. It is found in warm tropical regions such as India, Africa, Mauritania, Niger, and Nigeria, as well as Burma and Thailand⁷. It is a well-known Ayurvedic drug plant that goes by many names, including Nadikaanta, Praachibala, Sulomashaa, Kaaktikta, Kaakjangha, Chaksini and others^2,8. Peristrophe bicalyculata is a flowering plant that grows to be 60-180 cm tall⁹. It is also known as the "Goddess of Mercy"¹⁰.

Its leaf has long been used to treat eye and ear diseases, bacterial infections, and as an antidote to venomous insect stings and bites. It is also used in the treatment of tuberculosis, snake bites, hysteria, and psychomotor disorders. Its crude aqueous extract has been found to have antihypertensive, antibacterial, and anti-cancer properties, and its methanolic leaf extract has recently been shown to possess anticonvulsant and anti-diabetic properties. Because the exaggerated neuronal discharges that characterise epilepsy promote hippocampal scarring and dysfunction^11-18.

The plant has been used by Indian tribes as a pesticide, antinematode, and for the treatment of gout, rheumatism, and liver disorders^19,20. Traditional healers use the entire plant to treat a variety of skin problems. It was discovered to have hypolipidemic effects, which are identified to protect against cardiovascular disease. It is also used as horse feed and green manure, which is ploughed into the soil^21,22.

Synonyms:^5,23

Dianthera bicalyculata Retz.

Dianthera bifida Moench

Dianthera malabarica L. fil.

Dianthera paniculata Forssk.

Dianthera rugosa Perr. ex Nees

Dicliptera bicalyculata Kostel.

Justicia bicalyculata (Retz.) Vahl

Justicia ligulata Lam.

Justicia malabarica (L. fil.) Soland.

Justicia ruderalis Russ. ex Steud.

Peristrophe bicalyculata (Retz.) Nees

Peristrophe bicalyculata var. rivinoides C. B. Cl.

Peristrophe dewevrei Wildem. and Th. Dur.

Peristrophe doriae Terrac.

Peristrophe kotschyana Nees

Peristrophe rivinoides Wall.

Peristrophe schimperiana Hochst. ex Nees

Ruellia paniculata (Forssk.) C. B. Cl.

Peristrophe pilosaTurrill

Botanical Description:²⁴

Peristrophe paniculata (Forssk) Brummitt is a Dicotyledonous Plants. Herbs that stand upright, with 6-angular, hispid stems. Leaves simple, opposite, ovate, apex acute, base rounded or truncate, glabrescent above and tomentose below, 4.5-6 x 2-3cm. Flowers in axillary trichotomous cymes with pedicels up to 2cm long; bracts 2, unequal, 11 x 8mm, bracteoles 4, 6mm, linear, hirsute. Calyx is deeply 5-partite, with 4mm linear lobes. Pink Corolla, hairy, tube 5mm, 2-lipped, upper entire, lower 3-lobed, lobes 7mm. Stamens 2, filaments 5mm long, hairy, anther cells short and muticous. 1mm oblong ovary, Capsules are ellipsoid and tomentose, with four glochidiate-papillose seeds.

Flowering and fruiting:

December-February

Habitat:

Deciduous forests and wastelands

Taxonomical Classification⁵

Kingdom: Plantae

Phylum : Tracheophyta

Class : Magnoliopsida

Order : Lamiales

Family : Acanthaceae

Genus : Dicliptera

Species : Dicliptera paniculata (Forssk.) I. Darbysh.

Figure 1: Leaves of Peristrophe paniculata

Traditional USES^25,26,27

· Kakajangha (Peristrophe bicalyculata) is macerated with rice water and used as antidote for snake poison.

· Plant is blend into paste and applied externally to treat fractured bones.

· During sprains and bone fracture, the paste of whole plant is applied externally by mixing with salt.

· 2 drops of fresh leaf juice are instilled into eyes twice a day for 2 to 3 days to cure conjunctivitis.

· In cattles, the leaf extract of kakajangha is used in fever, cough, colds, malarial fever and flatulence.

· Its poultice is used in skin diseases.

· Decoction of kakajangha is mixed with honey, kills worm affecting teeth.

· The root paste of kakajangha is applied over the region of ulcerative wounds to heal suppuration, pain and it removes the bad odour.

· In olden days, the honey collector applies the juice of whole plant over the body and then collect the honey as the smell and taste of kakajangha plant repel away the bees.

· It is used as horse fodder.

· The mucilage obtained from the seeds is stretched out into a fine thread on drying. This thread is used to clean foreign bodies from ears.

· It is one of the traditional herbs recommended in case of tuberculosis because of it has tuberculostatic activity against various strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Plant Chemicals:^{28,29,30,31,32,33}

· Essential oils present in Peristrophe bicalyculata are α-Pinene, β-Pinene, α-Phellandrene, p-Cymene, 1,8-Cineole, Linalool, Naphthalene, β-Cyclocitral, α-Cubebene, α-Copaene, β-Bourbonene, β-Cubebene, γ-Caryophyllene, α-cis-Bergamotene, β-Caryophyllene, α-Ionone, β-Gurjunene, α-trans-Bergamotene, Aromadendrene, α-Humulene, trans-β-Farnesene, Alloaromadendrene, γ-Muurolene, Germacrene D, ar-Curcumene, β-Ionone, α-Zingiberene, Germacrene A, β-Bisabolene, γ-Cadinene, δ-Cadinene, Cadina-1,4-diene, α-Cadinene, α-Calacorene, Elemol, trans-Nerolidol, Spathulenol, Globulol, 1-epi-Cubenol, ι-Cadinol, Torreyol, α-Cadinol, epi-α-Bisabolol, (2Z,6E)-Farnesol, Heptadecane, Octadecane, 6,10,14-Trimethyl 1,2-pentadecanone, Nonadecane, Farnesyl acetone, Eicosane, Heneicosane, (E)-Phytol, Docosane, Tricosane, Pentacosane, Heptacosane, Nonacosane and Hentriacontane.

· Pentunidine-3-rhamnoglucoside is found in flowers.

· Alkaloids, coumarins, and potassium chloride are present in the root and stem, whereas saponins and a free sugar are discovered in the root.

· Sterols, fatty acids (stem and root), free amino acids, and free sugars are all present in the stem.

· A yellowish-brown essential oil extracted from the plant using steam distillation.

Phytochemical Screening of Peristrophe Paniculata:³⁴

Srikanth M et al. (2018)., investigated the various phytochemical present in P. paniculata stem, leaves and roots separately using hexane, ethylacetate and hydro alcoholic extracts of P. paniculata to detect the presence of different phytochemical constituents like steroids, terpenoides, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, amino acids etc. by using

Standard Procedures and Concluded the Following:

· In Qualitative phytochemical screening of P. paniculata stem, all extracts revealed thepresence of only carbohydrates and absence for quinones. The hexane extract gavepositive results for the steroids, terpenoids, carbohydrates and oils but gave negative resultsfor glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, amino acids and quinones. The ethyl acetate extractrevealed the presence of terpenoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and amino acidsbut gave negative results for steroids, saponins, phenols, oilsand quinones. The hydroalcoholic extract revealed thepresence of steroids, glycosides, saponins, carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannins, phenols and amino acids but gave negativeresults for terpenoids, flavonoids, oils and quinones.

· In qualitative phytochemical screening of P. paniculata leaves all extracts revealed the presence of only sterols, carbohydrates. The hexaneextract gave positive results for the steroids, terpenoids, glycosides, flavonoids carbohydrates and oils but gavenegative results for saponins, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, amino acids and quinones. The ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of steroids, terpenoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, flavonoids phenols, tannins, amino acids andquinones but gave negative results for alkaloids, saponins andoils. The hydroalcoholic extract revealed the presence ofsteroids, glycosides, saponins, carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannins and phenols but gave negative results for terpenoids, flavanoids, amino acids, oils and quinones.

· In qualitative phytochemical screening of P. paniculata rootall extractsrevealed the presence of terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols andabsence for oils, amino acids, carbohydrates, quinones. Thehexane extract gave positive results for the steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols but gave negative results forsaponins, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrates, oils, amino acids, and quinones. The ethyl acetate extract revealedthe presence of terpenoids, glycosides, flavonoids alkaloids, phenols, but gave negative results for steroids, carbohydrates, tannins, saponins, oils, amino acids and quinones. Thehydroalcoholic extract revealed the presence of steroids, terpenoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannins and phenols but gave negative results for saponins, flavonoids, amino acids, oils and quinones.

Pharmacological Uses:

1) Anti-Fungal Activity:

Uma Chaurasiya and Span Patel (2019)., discovered that Peristrophe paniculata leaf, stem, and inflorescence extract was tested against Colletotrichum capsici at concentrations of 1mg/ml, 2mg/ml, 3mg/ml, 4mg/ml, and 5mg/ml. The ethanolic leaf and stem extract significantly reduced the radial growth of Colletotrichum capsicum. Specifically, ethanolic extract of inflorescence inhibited radial growth by 88.82% and 69.03% at 5mg/ml concentrations, respectively³⁵.

Jarakiraman et al. (2012)., observed that the presence of steroids, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins in an ethanolic extract of P. paniculata, which inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli), Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus³⁶.

2) Anti-Bacterial Activity:

Srikanth M and Prasada Rao M (2019)., investigated the dose-dependent antibacterial activity of different extracts of P. paniculata stem part (Hexane extract, Ethyl acetate extract, Hydro-alcoholic extract). The hydroalcoholic extracts have the highest activity when compared to other extracts such as the standard drug rifampicin. The extracts demonstrated the greatest activity at a dose of 800µg/100µL and the least activity at a dose of 100µg/100µL. All the extracts demonstrated greater activity against Gram negative bacterial strains than against Gram positive bacterial strains. Hexane extract was more active against Escherichia coli (E. coli), ethyl acetate extract was more active against Klebsiella pneumoniae, and hydroalcoholic extract was more active against Salmonella typhi³.

3) Anti Trypanosomal Activity:

Ibrahim Abdulrazak Baba et al. (2013)., investigated the in-vitro and in-vivo effects of Peristrophe bicalyculata whole plant extracts on Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected rats. The experiment has been split into two parts: The anti-trypanosomal activity of the whole plant extracts in hot water, cold water, methanol, and butanol were determined in the first phase by incubating with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. The anti-trypanosomal activity of the fractions were determined after the cold-water extract was partially purified. In the second phase, rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei were given fraction 2c for nine days. After 60minutes of incubation, cold water extract immobilised 90% of the parasites, and fraction 2c completely immobilised the parasites after 35 minutes. This extract was partially purified, yielding three fractions (1, 2a, and 2c), with 2c being the most active because it completely immobilised the parasites in the shortest time (35 min) compared to the other extracts³⁷.

4) Anti-Cancer Activity:

Mansurah A. Abdulazeez et al. (2022)., investigated the effects of the plant's leaf extract on cancer cells and the cellular/molecular mechanisms involved. P. bicalyculata extracts (hexane extract (PBH), ethyl acetate extract (PBE), chloroform extract (PBC), and methanolic extract (PBM)) were tested for cytotoxicity in HeLa and MRC5-SV2 cancer cells, and three of them, PBE, PBC, and PBM, were found to cause significant cytotoxicity in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The three extracts that showed the most significant cytotoxic effects, namely PBC, PBE, and PBM, were then tested at a higher concentration range, up to 200g/ml, for both 24 h and 48h, to evaluate both the concentration- and exposure time-dependence of their effects. The extracts were also able to target cancer cells more selectively than normal cells, indicating the potential to kill cancer cells while sparing normal cells, a desirable property in anti-cancer compounds. The findings of this study show that P. bicalyculata extracts can induce cytotoxicity and cell death in cancer cells³⁸.

5) Neuroprotective and Memory-Enhancing Activity:

Anoka A. Njan et al. (2020)., investigated the effect of Peristrophe Bicalyculata (MEPb) methanolic leaf extract on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) associated cognitive decline in Wistar rats. They concluded that Methanolic leaf extract of Peristrophe bicalyculata increased antioxidant capacity and prevented neuroinflammation in experimental animals, thereby improving brain neuronal cholinergic function^11,39.

6) Tuberculostatic activity:

A study conducted by Chopra IC and Chopra CL (1959)., was found that the plant's essential oil exhibits tuberculostatic activity in-vitro, which inhibits the growth of different strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis³³.

7) Toxicity study:

Pradeep et al. (2008)., conducted studies on the acute and chronic toxicity of P. paniculata extracts on Swiss albino mice and Albino Wistar rats. The dose range for the mice was 50–2000mg/kg body weight (p.o.) for aqueous extracts of P. paniculata. No appreciable modifications to the behavioral or autonomic responses were noticed during the experiment. No appreciable changes in behavioral, neurological, or autonomic responses were observed in chronic toxicity studies in Albino Wistar rats at a dose of 200mg/kg/day for 90 days when compared to the control group. Biochemical and histopathological analyses revealed no evidence of toxicity in the rats¹⁹.

8) Anticonvulsant activity:

Hoda S and Tafseer MB (2021)., investigated the anticonvulsant effect of an aqueous extract of Chaksini given orally to albino Wistar rats of either sex at a dose of 25mg/100g body weight. In this study, the supra maximal electroshock model was employed. The extensor phase of convulsions was found to last 10.2 ±0.17 seconds in the control group and 6.95±0.39 seconds in the group taking the test drug, indicating a significant reduction or complete elimination of the extensor phase, which indicates anti-convulsive action. The extensor phase showed a significant decline (P<0.01). The results of the supramaximal electric seizure test were found to be significant, just like in animal models of grand mal epilepsy⁴⁰.

9) Narcotic effect:

Hoda S and Tafseer MB (2021)., conducted an in-vivo study to further investigate the central depressant effects of the aqueous extract of Peristrophe bicalyculata (Retz.) Nees on pentobarbitone sodium-induced narcosis in rats. The outcome was determined to be significant for the presence of central depression⁴⁰.

10) Anti-diabetic activity:

Duniya S V et al. (2018)., carried out an in-vivo study to determine the effect of Peristrophe bicalyculata powder on diabetic and lipid parameters in rats' stomachs. Animals in the treatment group not only had their stomach weight significantly reduced, but their levels of glucose, insulin, protein, cholesterol, and triglycerides were also significantly (p<0.05) decreased^41,42.

11) Antioxidant activity:

Arya P (2018)., investigated the antioxidant effect of Peristrophe bicalyculata and discovered that methanolic leaves extract of Peristrophe bicalyculata has potent DPPH free radical scavenging ability in comparison to other extracts⁴³.

Victor DS et al. (2018)., performed a comparative in-vitro study regarding antioxidant properties between Ocimum gratissimum, Vitex doniana, Carica papaya and Peristrophe bicalyculata using DPHH free radical scavenging activity. The study's findings revealed that Peristrophebicalyculata has the highest antioxidant activity (75.7±2.60%)⁴⁴.

CONCLUSION:

Peristrophe bicalyculata is a lesser-known Unani System of Medicine drug that is used to treat fever, cold, cough, insomnia, headache, cough, leucorrhea, and other ailments. The ethnic tribal communities and Vaidyas of Ayurvedic Medicine have long used P. bicalyculata for the treatment of various illnesses, but scientific information is still largely anecdotal. Given the plant's many beneficial properties, it can be endorsed as a secure, crucial medicinal plant for all of humanity. The plant has been tested for a few pharmacological effects, such as anticonvulsant, narcotic, CNS depressant, anti-fungal activity, antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-lipidaemic, anti-trypanosomal activity, anti-cancer activity, and antioxidant effect, but further research is required to support the claims of Unani and Ayurvedic physician.

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Received on 17.03.2023 Modified on 20.04.2023

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2023; 15(3):249-254.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2023.00039